Mating and reproduction

Cougars, also known as mountain lions or pumas, exhibit a mating and reproductive cycle that typically begins with males searching for females in estrus. They communicate through vocalizations, scent marking, and scratching. Females can mate at any time of the year, but peak breeding season is usually between December and March.

The gestational period of a cougar is approximately 91 days. After this period, females will give birth to a litter consisting typically of two to three cubs, although litters can range from one to six cubs. The offspring are born blind and rely on their mother’s milk for the first two months, after which they begin to eat solid food.

Cubs live with their mother usually for about one to two years, learning essential life skills such as hunting and navigating their territory. After this period, the young cougars will disperse to establish their territories, which can range up to hundreds of square miles, depending on the availability of food and mates. Males usually disperse further than females and may travel substantial distances to establish a suitable territory, whereas females are more likely to establish territories closer to their maternal home ranges.